مهندسی ساخت و تولید ایران

مهندسی ساخت و تولید ایران

به‌کارگیری ساختارهای چاپ سه‌بعدی شده به‌عنوان لایه میانی در کامپوزیت‌های لایه‌ای: اثرگذاری بر نرخ رهایی انرژی کرنشی بحرانی مود I

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک، دانشگاه صنعتی اراک، اراک، ایران
2 دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران
10.22034/ijme.2026.582996.2185
چکیده
یکی از چالش‌های بنیادین در کامپوزیت‌های لایه‌ای، ضعف چسبندگی بین لایه‌ای و آسیب‌پذیری در برابر تورق است؛ آسیبی که به کاهش عمر مفید این سازه‌ها در کاربردهای گوناگون و گسیختگی ناگهانی آن‌ها منجر می‌شود. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر راهکاری نوظهور و درحال‌توسعه را برای بهبود نرخ رهایی انرژی کرنشی بحرانی مود I در کامپوزیت‌های شیشه/اپوکسی ارزیابی می‌کند، یعنی استفاده از میان‌لایه‌های چاپ سه‌بعدی شده‌ و مبتنی بر فیلامنت محلول در آب پلی‌وینیل الکل. شایان‌ذکر است که لایه‌ی میانیِ موردبحث، دارای ساختار شبکه‌ایِ لوزی ‌شکل است که امکان برابری کسر حجمی رزین و فیلامنت تقویت‌کننده در سطوح تورق را فراهم می‌کند. نتایج تجربی نشان داد که استفاده از میان‌لایه چاپ سه‌بعدی شده، بیشینه نیروی قابل‌تحمل را 22 درصد افزایش می‌دهد. همچنین چقرمگی شکست شروع و انتشار به ترتیب 45 و 87 درصد، نسبت به نمونه‌های بدون میان‌لایه، افزایش یافت که دلالت بر ارتقای چشمگیر مقاومت در برابر رشد ترک و فعال‌شدن مکانیسم‌های مقابله‌گر، در این نمونه‌ها دارد. طول ناحیه فرایند شکست در نمونه‌های با لایه‌ی میانی نیز که به‌عنوان شاخصی از گستره فعالیت مکانیسم‌های مقابله‌گر در برابر رشد ترک شناخته می‌شود، 143 درصد افزایش یافت. همچنین، تحلیل سطوح شکست آشکار ساخت در حضور میان‌لایه، مکانیسم غالب شکست از گسیختگی در فصل مشترک به گسیختگی درون ماده‌ای تغییر کرد و این امر با پارگی، کشیدگی و پل‌زنی فیلامنت‌ِ لایه‌ی میانی و گسیختگی در رزین بین لایه‌ای، تغییر می‌کند. این شواهد نقش مؤثر میان‌لایه‌ی مورد بحث را در مهار رشد ناپایدار ترک و بهبود هم‌زمان چسبندگی و مقاومت در برابر تورق، تأیید می‌کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Utilizing 3D printed structures as interlayers in laminated composites: influence on the mode I critical strain energy release rate

نویسندگان English

Mazaher Salamat-Talab 1
Mohammad Hossein Eslami 1
Hossein Kazemi 1 2
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arak University of Technology, Arak, Iran
2 School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

One of the fundamental challenges in laminated composites is weak interlaminar adhesion and their susceptibility to delamination, a damage mode that can lead to a decrease in service life across various applications and even sudden catastrophic failure. In this context, the present study evaluates a novel and developing approach to improve the mode I critical strain energy release rate in glass/epoxy laminated composites, namely the use of three dimensionally printed (3D-printed) polymeric interlayers based on water soluble polyvinyl alcohol filament. Notably, the interlayers employed in this study possess a rhombic cellular structure designed to balance the volumetric fraction of resin and reinforcing filament at the delamination interfaces. Experimental results showed that incorporating the 3D printed interlayer increased the maximum load capacity by 22%. In addition, the initiation and propagation values of interlaminar fracture toughness increased by 45% and 87%, respectively, compared with specimens without an interlayer, indicating a substantial improvement in resistance to interlaminar crack growth and the activation of additional energy dissipation mechanisms. Furthermore, the fracture process zone length in specimens containing the interlayer, recognised as an indicator of the extent of crack growth resistance mechanisms, increased by 143%. Fractographic analysis also revealed that, in the presence of the interlayer, the dominant failure mechanism shifted from interfacial failure to cohesive failure, involving interlayer tearing, stretching, and bridging, together with failure within the interlaminar resin. These observations confirm the effective role of the proposed interlayer in suppressing unstable crack propagation while simultaneously enhancing interfacial adhesion and delamination resistance.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

3D-printed Interlayer
Delamination
Inter-Layering Method
Glass/Epoxy Composites
[1]   Ipakchi H, Esfandeh M. Investigation of electrospun polyvinyl butyral interlayer effects on Mode I and II delamination of glass fabric-phenolic composites. Modares Mechanical Engineering. 2018 Oct 10;18(6):156-64. [In Persian]
[2]   Ansari MJ, Jabbaripour B. Manufacture and comparison of mechanical properties of reinforced polypropylene nanocomposite with carbon fibers and calcium carbonate nanoparticles. Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering. 2019;6(5):1-12 [In Persian]
[3]   Islami DP, Muzaqih AF, Adiputra R, Prabowo AR, Firdaus N, Ehlers S, Braun M, Jurkovič M, Smaradhana DF, Carvalho H. Structural design parameters of laminated composites for marine applications: Milestone study and extended review on current technology and engineering. Results in engineering. 2024 Dec 1;24:103195. doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103195
[4]   Huang T, Bobyr M. A review of delamination damage of composite materials. Journal of composites science. 2023 Nov 9;7(11):468. doi: 10.3390/jcs7110468
[5]   Sridharan S, editor. Delamination behaviour of composites. Elsevier; 2008 Oct 21.
[6]   Salamat-Talab M, Akhavan-Safar A, Zeinolabedin-Beygi A, Carbas RJ, da Silva LF. Effect of through-the-thickness delamination position on the R-curve behavior of plain-woven ENF specimens. Materials. 2023 Feb 22;16(5):1811. doi: 10.3390/ma16051811
[7]   Jain LK, Dransfield KA, Mai YW. On the effects of stitching in CFRPs—II. Mode II delamination toughness. Composites Science and Technology. 1998 Jan 1;58(6):829-37. doi: 10.1016/S0266-3538(97)00186-3
[8]   Che Z, Li M, Wang S, Wang S, Gu Y, Zhang W. Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness enhancement of fine z‐pin reinforced carbon fiber composite with low fraction of pins. Polymer Composites. 2022 May;43(5):2992-3002. doi: 10.1002/pc.26593
[9]   Qian X, Kravchenko OG, Pedrazzoli D, Manas-Zloczower I. Effect of polycarbonate film surface morphology and oxygen plasma treatment on mode I and II fracture toughness of interleaved composite laminates. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2018 Feb 1;105:138-49. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.11.016
[10] Ogasawara T, Yoshimura A, Ishikawa T, Takahashi R, Sasakib N, Ogawa T. Interlaminar fracture toughness of 5 harness satin woven fabric carbon fiber/epoxy composites. Advanced Composite Materials. 2012 Feb 1;21(1):45-56. doi: 10.1163/156855112X626219
[11] Martin RH. Delamination characterization of woven glass/polyester composites. Composites Technology and Research. 1997 Jan 1;19(1):20-8. doi: 10.1520/CTR10010J
[12] Ebeling T, Hiltner A, Baer E, Fraser IM, Orton ML. Delamination failure of a single yarn glass fiber composite. Journal of composite materials. 1997 Jul;31(13):1302-17. doi: 10.1177/002199839703101303
[13] Ebeling T, Hiltner A, Baer E, Fraser IM, Orton ML. Delamination failure of a woven glass fiber composite. Journal of composite materials. 1997 Jul;31(13):1318-33. doi: 10.1177/002199839703101304
[14] Salamat-Talab M, Kazemi H, Mahdavi M. Influence of yarn bundle orientation and areal density on the interlaminar fracture toughness of ENF composites. Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 2025 Feb 21;315:110806. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2025.110806
[15] Akhavan-Safar A, Salamat-Talab M, Delzendehrooy F, Barbosa AQ, da Silva LF. Mode II fracture energy of laminated composites enhanced with micro-cork particles. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2021 Nov;43(11):490. doi: 10.1007/s40430-021-03220-0
[16] Purhaji M, Hamdollahzade AH, Nakhaei MR. Optimizing the mechanical properties of PVC/NBR/Graphene nanocomposite for achieve maximum tensile strength and elongation at break. Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering. 2023 Aug 23;10(6):1-5. doi: 10.22034/IJME.2023.412811.1822 [In Persian]
[17] Zeinolabedin Beygi A, Salamat-Talab M, Farrokhabadi A, Moslemi Naeini H. Experimental investigation of the effect of natural microfibers on the mode I fracture toughness of plain-woven laminated composites. Modares Mechanical Engineering. 2022 Jan 10;22(2):71-9. [In Persian]
[18] Sápi Z, Butler R, Rhead A. Filler materials in composite out-of-plane joints–A review. Composite Structures. 2019 Jan 1;207:787-800. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.09.102
[19] Šupová M, Martynková GS, Barabaszová K. Effect of nanofillers dispersion in polymer matrices: a review. Science of advanced materials. 2011 Feb 1;3(1):1-25. doi: 10.1166/sam.2011.1136
[20] Kazemi H, Salamat-Talab M, Ghanbari D. Investigating the effect of Silica/Magnesium hydroxide composite nanoparticles on the flexural properties of polymer-based nanocomposites. Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering. 2024 Feb 20;10(12):53-65. doi: 10.22034/IJME.2024.435372.1917 [In Persian]
[21] Akhavan-Safar A, Salamat-Talab M, Delzendehrooy F, Zeinolabedin-Beygi A, da Silva LF. Effects of natural date palm tree fibres on mode II fracture energy of E-glass/epoxy plain-woven laminated composites. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. 2022 Oct;44(10):457. doi: 10.1007/s40430-022-03717-2
[22] Kazemi H, Salamat-Talab M, Ghanbari D. Investigating the mode II critical strain energy release rate of glass/epoxy laminated composites reinforced with polyvinyl alcohol interlayer. Iranian Journal of Manufacturing Engineering. 2024 May 21;11(3):51-62. doi: 10.22034/IJME.2024.455742.1950 [In Persian]
[23] Too DK, Kumar S, Kim YH. Fracture toughness and failure behavior of CF/epoxy composites interleaved with melt‐infused PET, PEI, and PEEK film. Polymer Composites. 2024 Sep 10;45(13):12307-24. doi: 10.1002/pc.28637
[24] Li Z, Li J. Effects of number of carbon nanotube film layers on the interlaminar fracture properties of its based composites. Diamond and Related Materials. 2024 Oct 1;148:111413. doi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2024.111413
[25] Quan D, Wang G, Zhao G, Alderliesten R. On the interlayer toughening of carbon fibre/epoxy composites using surface-activated ultra-thin PEEK films. Composite Structures. 2023 Jan 1;303:116309. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2022.116309
[26] Beylergil B, Duman V. Enhancing Mode-I and Mode-II fracture toughness of carbon fiber/epoxy laminated composites using 3D-printed polyamide interlayers. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications. 2024 Mar;238(3):578-91. doi: 10.1177/14644207231198961
[27] Salamat-Talab M, Kazemi H, Akhavan-Safar A, Malekinejad H, Carbas RJ, da Silva LF. Effects of a novel three-dimensional-printed wood–polylactic acid interlayer on the mode II delamination of composites. Journal of Composites Science. 2024 Nov 22;8(12):489. doi: 10.3390/jcs8120489
[28] Zhang Y, Zhao H, Ou Y, Zhang H, Yao X, Mao D. Polyamide mesh as an effective toughening interlayer for GFRP composites: insights into fracture behavior and mechanisms. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials. 2025 Aug;8(4):283. doi: 10.1007/s42114-025-01365-3
[29] Salamat-Talab M, Kazemi H. On the improving interlaminar fracture toughness of ENF composites based on additively manufactured interlayer: New approach. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. 2025 Aug 1;138:104952. doi: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2025.104952
[30] Kazemi H, Salamat-Talab M. Enhancing Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness in Glass/Epoxy Composites Using 3D-Printed Polyvinyl Alcohol Interlayer. Mech. Adv. Smart Mater. 2024 Aug 22;4:256-71. doi: 10.61186/masm.2024.2037591.1130  [In Persian]
[31] eSUN. PVA filament technical data sheet. Version 4.0. Shenzhen: eSUN; 2021.
[32] ASTM International. ASTM D5528-13: Standard Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites. West Conshohocken (PA): ASTM International; 2013. doi:10.1520/D5528-13
[33] Kazemi H, Salamat‐Talab M, Ghanbari D. On the Interlaminar Properties of ENF Specimens of Glass/Epoxy Composites Incorporated Novel Hybrid Electrospun Interlayers. Polymer Composites. 2025 Nov 10;46(16):14688-706. doi: 10.1002/pc.30080
[34] Shokrieh MM, Salamat-Talab M, Heidari-Rarani M. Effect of interface fiber angle on the R-curve behavior of E-glass/epoxy DCB specimens. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. 2016 Dec 1;86:153-60. doi: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2016.06.006
[35] Salamat-Talab M, Zeinolabedin Beygi A, Seyyednejad M. Experimental investigation of the effect of interface fiber angle on the fracture toughness of woven laminated composites under mode II loading. Modares Mechanical Engineering. 2021;21(4):225-33. [In Persian]
[36] Kharratzadeh M, Shokrieh MM, Salamat-Talab M. Effect of interface fiber angle on the mode I delamination growth of plain woven glass fiber-reinforced composites. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. 2018 Dec 1;98:1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.tafmec.2018.09.006
[37] Zhang Y, Fang K, Wang W, Niu H. A water-soluble epoxy-based green crosslinking system for stabilizing PVA nanofibers. Molecules. 2022 Jun 29;27(13):4177. doi: 10.3390/molecules27134177
[38]        Liang X, Zhong HJ, Ding H, Yu B, Ma X, Liu X, Chong CM, He J. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based hydrogels: Recent progress in fabrication, properties, and multifunctional applications. Polymers. 2024 Sep 29;16(19):2755. doi: 10.3390/polym16192755